Auto Number Plate Recognition (ANPR), SDK source code

 # install 

pip install marearts-anpr

# code

# pip install marearts-anpr

import cv2

from PIL import Image

from marearts_anpr import ma_anpr_detector

from marearts_anpr import ma_anpr_ocr

from marearts_anpr import marearts_anpr_from_pil

from marearts_anpr import marearts_anpr_from_image_file

from marearts_anpr import marearts_anpr_from_cv2

if __name__ == '__main__':

#################################

## Initiate MareArts ANPR

print("EU ANPR")

user_name = "your_email"

serial_key = "your_serial_key"

detector_model_version = "middle" # Options: refer to detector model table

ocr_model_version = "eu" # Options: refer to ocr model table

# MareArts ANPR Detector Inference

anpr_d = ma_anpr_detector(detector_model_version, user_name, serial_key, conf_thres=0.3, iou_thres=0.5)

# MareArts ANPR OCR Inference

anpr_r = ma_anpr_ocr(ocr_model_version, user_name, serial_key)

#################################

#################################

# Routine Task 1 - Predict from File

image_path = './sample_images/eu_test1.jpg'

output = marearts_anpr_from_image_file(anpr_d, anpr_r, image_path)

print(output)

# Routine Task 2 - Predict from cv2

img = cv2.imread(image_path)

output = marearts_anpr_from_cv2(anpr_d, anpr_r, img)

print(output)

# Routine Task 3 - Predict from Pillow

pil_img = Image.open(image_path)

output = marearts_anpr_from_pil(anpr_d, anpr_r, pil_img)

print(output)

#################################

#################################

## Initiate MareArts ANPR for Korea

print("ANPR Korean")

# user_name, serial_key are already defined

# anpr_d is also already initiated before

ocr_model_version = "kr"

# MareArts ANPR OCR Inference

anpr_r = ma_anpr_ocr(ocr_model_version, user_name, serial_key)

#################################

# Routine Task 1 - Predict from File

image_path = './sample_images/kr_test2.jpg'

output = marearts_anpr_from_image_file(anpr_d, anpr_r, image_path)

print(output)

# Routine Task 2 - Predict from cv2

img = cv2.imread(image_path)

output = marearts_anpr_from_cv2(anpr_d, anpr_r, img)

print(output)

# Routine Task 3 - Predict from Pillow

pil_img = Image.open(image_path)

output = marearts_anpr_from_pil(anpr_d, anpr_r, pil_img)

print(output)

#################################

..

# Ask license is here: https://study.marearts.com/p/anpr-lpr-solution.html

# Live Test is here: https://live.marearts.com

brief explain about "Audio → Spectrogram → Mel-spectrogram → MFCC"

 Audio → Spectrogram → Mel-spectrogram → MFCC

Spectrogram = raw photo

Mel-spectrogram = photo adjusted for human vision

MFCC = compressed, essential features extracted from that photo

1. Spectrogram

• Raw time-frequency representation
• Shows energy at each frequency over time
• Doesn't account for human perception

2. Mel-spectrogram

• Spectrogram mapped to mel scale
• Mimics human frequency perception
• Still maintains all frequency band information

3. MFCC

• Derived FROM the mel-spectrogram
• Additional step: DCT (Discrete Cosine Transform) is applied
• Keeps only lower coefficients (dimensionality reduction)
• Decorrelates features

.

1. Audio → Spectrogram
   • Start with raw audio waveform
   • Apply pre-emphasis to boost higher frequencies
   • Frame the signal into short segments (typically 20-40ms with overlap)
   • Apply window function (usually Hamming) to reduce edge effects
   • Perform FFT on each frame
   • Calculate power spectrum (|FFT|²)
2. Spectrogram → Mel-spectrogram
   • Create mel filter banks (triangular overlapping windows)
   • Convert frequencies to mel scale using formula: mel = 2595 * log10(1 + f/700)
   • Apply mel filter banks to power spectrum
   • Sum up the energy in each mel band
3. Mel-spectrogram → MFCC
   • Take logarithm of mel filter bank energies (to match human perception)
   • Apply Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT)
   • Keep first N coefficients (typically 13-39)
   • Optionally:
     • Calculate delta (velocity) features
     • Calculate delta-delta (acceleration) features
     • Apply cepstral mean normalization (CMN)

..

Download Youtube Video as best Quality

 code..

import yt_dlp

import os

from typing import Optional

def format_size(bytes):

"""Convert bytes to human readable format"""

for unit in ['B', 'KB', 'MB', 'GB']:

if bytes < 1024:

return f"{bytes:.2f} {unit}"

bytes /= 1024

return f"{bytes:.2f} TB"

def download_video(url: str, output_path: Optional[str] = None) -> str:

"""

Download a YouTube video in the best quality using yt-dlp.

Args:

url (str): The URL of the YouTube video

output_path (str, optional): Directory to save the video

"""

try:

if not output_path:

output_path = os.getcwd()

os.makedirs(output_path, exist_ok=True)

# Configure yt-dlp options for best quality

ydl_opts = {

'format': 'bestvideo[ext=mp4]+bestaudio[ext=m4a]/best[ext=mp4]/best', # Best video + audio quality

'outtmpl': os.path.join(output_path, '%(title)s.%(ext)s'),

'merge_output_format': 'mp4', # Merge to MP4

'progress_hooks': [lambda d: print(f"\rDownloading: {d['_percent_str']} of {d['_total_bytes_str']}", end="") if d['status'] == 'downloading' else None],

'postprocessor_hooks': [lambda d: print("\nMerging video and audio...") if d['status'] == 'started' else None],

'quiet': False,

'no_warnings': False,

# Additional options for best quality

'format_sort': ['res:2160', 'res:1440', 'res:1080', 'res:720'],

'video_multistreams': True,

'audio_multistreams': True,

'prefer_free_formats': True,

'postprocessors': [{

'key': 'FFmpegVideoConvertor',

'preferedformat': 'mp4',

}],

}

print(f"Fetching video information...")

# Create yt-dlp object and download the video

with yt_dlp.YoutubeDL(ydl_opts) as ydl:

# Get video info first

info = ydl.extract_info(url, download=False)

video_title = info.get('title', 'video')

duration = info.get('duration')

formats = info.get('formats', [])

# Find best quality format

best_video = max(

(f for f in formats if f.get('vcodec') != 'none'),

key=lambda f: (

f.get('height', 0),

f.get('filesize', 0)

),

default=None

)

# Print video details

print(f"\nVideo details:")

print(f"Title: {video_title}")

print(f"Duration: {duration//60}:{duration%60:02d}")

if best_video:

print(f"Best quality available: {best_video.get('height', 'N/A')}p")

if best_video.get('filesize'):

print(f"Approximate size: {format_size(best_video['filesize'])}")

print("\nStarting download in best quality...")

# Download the video

ydl.download([url])

# Get the output filename

output_file = os.path.join(output_path, f"{video_title}.mp4")

print(f"\nDownload completed successfully!")

print(f"Saved to: {output_file}")

return output_file

except Exception as e:

print(f"\nError: {str(e)}")

print("\nTroubleshooting steps:")

print("1. Check if the video URL is correct")

print("2. Check your internet connection")

print("3. Make sure yt-dlp is up to date: pip install -U yt-dlp")

print("4. Install or update ffmpeg (required for best quality):")

print(" - On macOS: brew install ffmpeg")

print(" - On Ubuntu/Debian: sudo apt-get install ffmpeg")

print(" - On Windows: download from https://ffmpeg.org/download.html")

return ""

def main():

"""

Main function to handle user input for video download.

"""

print("YouTube Video Downloader (Best Quality)")

print("-------------------------------------")

print("This will download videos in the highest available quality")

print("Note: Higher quality downloads may take longer and use more disk space")

while True:

url = input("\nEnter the YouTube video URL (or 'q' to quit): ").strip()

if url.lower() == 'q':

print("Goodbye!")

break

if not url:

print("Please enter a valid URL")

continue

download_video(url)

choice = input("\nWould you like to download another video? (y/n): ").strip().lower()

if choice != 'y':

print("Goodbye!")

break

if __name__ == "__main__":

main()

..

That's it.

but install this

pip install yt-dlp      

Thank you!!!

Sequence Parallel(SP)

toy model

class ToyModel(nn.Module):

"""MLP based model"""

def __init__(self):

super().__init__()

self.in_proj = nn.Linear(10, 32)

self.relu = nn.ReLU()

self.out_proj = nn.Linear(32, 5)

def forward(self, x):

return self.out_proj(self.relu(self.in_proj(x)))

 .

configuration

sp_model = parallelize_module(

module=model,

device_mesh=device_mesh,

parallelize_plan={

"in_proj": ColwiseParallel(input_layouts=Shard(0)),

"out_proj": RowwiseParallel(output_layouts=Shard(0)),

},

)

..

1. Input Sharding:
   • The input sequence (shape [4 x 12 x 10]) is initially split along the sequence length dimension across 3 GPUs.
   • Each GPU receives a [4 x 4 x 10] shard of the input.
2. All-Gather Operation:
   • An all-gather operation is performed to reconstruct the full input on each GPU.
   • After this, each GPU has the full [4 x 12 x 10] input.
3. First Layer - in_proj (ColwiseParallel):
   • The weight matrix [10 x 32] is split column-wise across GPUs: [10 x 11], [10 x 11], [10 x 10].
   • Each GPU processes the full input [4 x 12 x 10] with its portion of the weight matrix.
   • The output on each GPU is [4 x 12 x 11], [4 x 12 x 11], and [4 x 12 x 10] respectively.
4. ReLU Activation:
   • Applied element-wise to the output of the first layer on each GPU.
   • Shapes remain [4 x 12 x 11], [4 x 12 x 11], and [4 x 12 x 10] on the respective GPUs.
5. Second Layer - out_proj (RowwiseParallel):
   • The weight matrix [32 x 5] is split row-wise across GPUs: [11 x 5], [11 x 5], [10 x 5].
   • Each GPU processes its input ([4 x 12 x 11], [4 x 12 x 11], [4 x 12 x 10]) with its portion of the weight matrix.
   • The output on each GPU is [4 x 12 x 5], representing partial sums for the full sequence.
6. Reduce-Scatter Operation:
   • A reduce-scatter operation is performed to sum the partial results and distribute them across GPUs.
   • This results in each GPU having a portion of the final output, sharded along the sequence dimension.

Key Corrections and Clarifications:

• There are indeed two collective operations: an all-gather at the beginning and a reduce-scatter at the end.
• The GPUs do not receive the same amount of tensor in the first layer output due to the uneven split of the weight matrix.
• The sequence dimension (12 in this example) is not sharded during the middle layers but is reconstructed and then re-sharded at the end.

This corrected diagram and explanation more accurately represent the sequence parallelism process as described in the original comment. It shows how the input is gathered, processed in parallel, and then the output is scattered, allowing for efficient parallel processing of the entire sequence across GPUs.

full source code

.

import os

import sys

import torch

import torch.nn as nn

from torch.distributed._tensor import Shard

from torch.distributed.tensor.parallel import (

parallelize_module,

ColwiseParallel,

RowwiseParallel,

)

from log_utils import rank_log, get_logger, verify_min_gpu_count

import torch.profiler

# ---- GPU check ------------

_min_gpu_count = 2

if not verify_min_gpu_count(min_gpus=_min_gpu_count):

print(f"Unable to locate sufficient {_min_gpu_count} gpus to run this example. Exiting.")

sys.exit()

# ---------------------------

from torch.distributed._tensor.device_mesh import init_device_mesh

"""

This is the script to test Sequence Parallel(SP) on a toy model in a

Megetron-LM SPMD style. We show an E2E working flow from forward,

backward and optimization.

We use the example of two `nn.Linear` layers with an element-wise `nn.RELU`

in between to show an example of sequence parallel, which was proposed in paper:

https://arxiv.org/pdf/2205.05198.pdf.

Like tensor parallel, we parallelize the first linear layer by column

and also parallelize the second linear layer by row. But the input in each rank

now is different so that we need one all-gather for input and one reduce-scatter

in the end of the second linear layer.

"""

class ToyModel(nn.Module):

"""MLP based model"""

def __init__(self):

super().__init__()

self.in_proj = nn.Linear(10, 32)

self.relu = nn.ReLU()

self.out_proj = nn.Linear(32, 5)

def forward(self, x):

return self.out_proj(self.relu(self.in_proj(x)))

def main():

logger = get_logger()

# create a device mesh based on the given world_size.

device_mesh = init_device_mesh(

device_type="cuda", mesh_shape=(int(os.environ["WORLD_SIZE"]),)

)

_rank = device_mesh.get_rank()

print(f"Starting PyTorch Sequence Parallel example on rank {_rank}.")

rank_log(_rank, logger, f"Device Mesh created: {device_mesh=}")

# create model and move it to GPU. Init_device_mesh has already assigned gpu ids...

model = ToyModel().to("cuda")

# Custom parallelization plan for the model

sp_model = parallelize_module(

module=model,

device_mesh=device_mesh,

parallelize_plan={

"in_proj": ColwiseParallel(input_layouts=Shard(0)),

"out_proj": RowwiseParallel(output_layouts=Shard(0)),

},

)

# Create a optimizer for the parallelized module.

lr = 0.25

optimizer = torch.optim.AdamW(sp_model.parameters(), lr=lr, foreach=True)

# Perform a num of iterations of forward/backward

# and optimizations for the sharded module.

num_iters = 10

rank_log(_rank, logger, "Sequence Parallel training starting...")

with torch.profiler.profile(

activities=[

torch.profiler.ProfilerActivity.CPU,

torch.profiler.ProfilerActivity.CUDA,

],

schedule=torch.profiler.schedule(wait=1, warmup=1, active=3, repeat=2),

on_trace_ready=torch.profiler.tensorboard_trace_handler(f'./log/tensorboard/rank_{_rank}'),

record_shapes=True,

profile_memory=True,

with_stack=True

) as prof:

for i in range(num_iters):

# For SP, input can be different across all ranks.

inp = torch.rand(20, 10, device="cuda")

output = sp_model(inp)

output.sum().backward()

optimizer.step()

rank_log(_rank, logger, f"Sequence Parallel iter {i} completed")

prof.step()

rank_log(_rank, logger, "Sequence Parallel training completed!")

# Print profiler results

print(prof.key_averages().table(sort_by="cuda_time_total", row_limit=10))

if __name__ == "__main__":

main()

..

Thank you!

How FSDP, TP works on distributed training?

 5 different case of FSDP and TP usage.

FSDP and TP explanation for 2 layer model

 FSDP and TP are complementary parallelism techniques:

1. FSDP (Fully Sharded Data Parallelism):
   • Shards model parameters across GPUs
   • Each GPU holds a portion of each layer's parameters
   • During forward/backward pass, it gathers/scatters parameters as needed
   • Reduces memory usage per GPU, allowing larger models
2. TP (Tensor Parallelism):
   • Splits individual tensors (layers) across GPUs
   • Each GPU computes a portion of a layer's operations
   • Useful for very large layers that don't fit on a single GPU

When combined:

• FSDP handles overall model distribution
• TP handles distribution of large individual layers
• This allows for even larger models and better GPU utilization

Textual Representation:

   GPU 1        GPU 2        GPU 3        GPU 4
 +--------+   +--------+   +--------+   +--------+
 | L1 P1  |   | L1 P2  |   | L2 P1  |   | L2 P2  |
 |  TP1   |   |  TP2   |   |  TP1   |   |  TP2   |
 +--------+   +--------+   +--------+   +--------+
     |            |            |            |
     +------------+            +------------+
          Layer 1                  Layer 2

L1, L2: Layers 1 and 2
P1, P2: Parameter shards (FSDP)
TP1, TP2: Tensor Parallel splits

How Gradient calculation in batch size.

 Let's use a simplified example with just 2 data points and walk through the process with actual numbers. This will help illustrate how gradients are calculated and accumulated for a batch.

Let's assume we have a very simple model with one parameter w, currently set to 1.0. Our loss function is the square error, and we're using basic gradient descent with a learning rate of 0.1.

Data points:

1. x1 = 2, y1 = 4
2. x2 = 3, y2 = 5

Batch size = 2 (both data points in one batch)

Step 1: Forward pass

• For x1: prediction = w * x1 = 1.0 * 2 = 2
• For x2: prediction = w * x2 = 1.0 * 3 = 3

Step 2: Calculate losses

• Loss1 = (prediction1 - y1)^2 = (2 - 4)^2 = 4
• Loss2 = (prediction2 - y2)^2 = (3 - 5)^2 = 4
• Total batch loss = (Loss1 + Loss2) / 2 = (4 + 4) / 2 = 4

Step 3: Backward pass (calculate gradients)

• Gradient1 = 2 * (prediction1 - y1) * x1 = 2 * (2 - 4) * 2 = -8
• Gradient2 = 2 * (prediction2 - y2) * x2 = 2 * (3 - 5) * 3 = -12

Step 4: Accumulate gradients

• Total gradient = (Gradient1 + Gradient2) / 2 = (-8 + -12) / 2 = -10

Step 5: Update weight (once for the batch)

• New w = old w - learning_rate * total gradient
• New w = 1.0 - 0.1 * (-10) = 2.0

So, after processing this batch of 2 data points:

• We calculated 2 individual gradients (-8 and -12)
• We accumulated these into one total gradient (-10)
• We performed one weight update, changing w from 1.0 to 2.0

This process would then repeat for the next batch. In this case, we've processed all our data, so this completes one epoch.