(Python study) Check Python version on the Mac

On the terminal, input 'python -V', then version will be showed.
In the mac, python is already installed.

(OpenCV Stitching) matchesGraphAsString function

"matchesGraphAsString " is useful function to see the stitching relationship graph.

The function gives the result as to string.

 

 

As figure, we can know m6-m7-m8-m9 is linked and S1, S6 is not correlation with the group.

You have to get pairwise_matches before using the function.
The matching method is introduced on
cpu version -> http://feelmare.blogspot.kr/2013/12/finding-largest-subset-images-that-is.html
gpu version-> http://feelmare.blogspot.kr/search?updated-max=2014-01-14T00:52:00-08:00&max-results=2&start=2&by-date=false


After get pairwise_matches, you can get the result of stitching grouping as this example source code.

...

float conf_thresh=1.0;
 vector< cv::String > img_names;
 img_names.push_back( "m7.jpg");   
 img_names.push_back( "S1.jpg");   
 img_names.push_back( "m9.jpg");   
 img_names.push_back( "m6.jpg");   
 img_names.push_back( "S6.jpg");   
 img_names.push_back( "m8.jpg"); 
 ofstream f("graph.txt");
 f << detail::matchesGraphAsString(img_names, pairwise_matches, conf_thresh);

---

(Visual Studio) Where is command agument input window in Visual Studio?

That is here

Configuration Properties ->
Debugging ->
The command argument

(Math) Mathematical symbol, let's remember~ 0≦t< 1 --> t∈[0,1)

0 ≦ t < 1

-> t ∈ [0,1)

don't forget~!!

(Arduino Study) Led on/off using piezo speaker knock.

source code

...

const int ledPin = 13;
const int knockSensor = A0;
const int threshold = 100;

int sensorReading = 0;
int ledState = LOW;

void setup(){
  pinMode(ledPin, OUTPUT);
  Serial.begin(9600);
  
}

void loop(){
  sensorReading = analogRead(knockSensor);
  Serial.println(sensorReading);
  
  if(sensorReading >= threshold)
  {
    ledState = !ledState;
    digitalWrite(ledPin, ledState);
    Serial.println("Knock!");
  }
  
  delay(100);
}

---

(OpenCV, MatchesInfo) MatchesInfo includes correlation information between matched images.

After using BestOf2NearestMatcher function,
We can see correlation value between matched images.

MatchesInfo has follow element.

struct CV_EXPORTS MatchesInfo

 {

 MatchesInfo();

 MatchesInfo(const MatchesInfo &other);

    const MatchesInfo& operator =(const MatchesInfo &other);

    int src_img_idx, dst_img_idx;       // Images indices (optional)

    std::vector matches;
     std::vector inliers_mask;    // Geometrically consistent matches mask
     int num_inliers;                    // Number of geometrically consistent matches
     Mat H;                              // Estimated homography
     double confidence;                  // Confidence two images are from the same panorama
  };

http://feelmare.blogspot.kr/2013/12/finding-largest-subset-images-that-is.html-> you can see find feature and matching example source.

we can see correlation value from below source code.
...

printf("pairwise_matches %d \n", pairwise_matches.size() );
 for(int i=0; i < pairwise_matches.size(); ++i)
 {
  printf("%d \n", i );
  printf("%d -> %d \n", pairwise_matches[i].src_img_idx, pairwise_matches[i].dst_img_idx );
  printf("num inliers = %d\n", pairwise_matches[i].num_inliers);
  cout << "H " << pairwise_matches[i].H << endl;
  printf("confidence = %lf \n", pairwise_matches[i].confidence );
  printf("---\n");
 }

---

In here, confidence value is calculate by

...

// These coeffs are from paper M. Brown and D. Lowe. "Automatic Panoramic Image Stitching
    // using Invariant Features"
    matches_info.confidence = matches_info.num_inliers / (8 + 0.3 * matches_info.matches.size());

    // Set zero confidence to remove matches between too close images, as they don't provide
    // additional information anyway. The threshold was set experimentally.
    matches_info.confidence = matches_info.confidence > 3. ? 0. : matches_info.confidence;

---

If cofidenc value is lower than 1, we think the images are not relative image(no overlap image).

(OpenCV GPU) Finding largest subset images that is only adjacent(subsequnce) images, (OpenCV, SurfFeaturesFinder, BestOf2NearestMatcher, leaveBiggestComponent funcions example souce code)

This is GPU version of this page ->http://feelmare.blogspot.kr/2013/12/finding-largest-subset-images-that-is.html
Please refer detail description on that page.

The gpu mode is showed  about 10 times faster than gpu processing.

I think GPU programing is very ensential in computer vision, if you don't have contraint on the performance of equipment.

...

#include < stdio.h >     
#include < opencv2\opencv.hpp >     
#include < opencv2\features2d\features2d.hpp >   
#include < opencv2\nonfree\features2d.hpp >   
#include < opencv2\stitching\detail\matchers.hpp >   
#include < opencv2\stitching\stitcher.hpp >   


#ifdef _DEBUG     
#pragma comment(lib, "opencv_core247d.lib")      
//#pragma comment(lib, "opencv_imgproc247d.lib")   //MAT processing     
//#pragma comment(lib, "opencv_objdetect247d.lib")      
#pragma comment(lib, "opencv_gpu247d.lib")     
#pragma comment(lib, "opencv_features2d247d.lib")     
#pragma comment(lib, "opencv_highgui247d.lib")     
//#pragma comment(lib, "opencv_ml247d.lib")   
#pragma comment(lib, "opencv_stitching247d.lib");   
#pragma comment(lib, "opencv_nonfree247d.lib");   

#else     
#pragma comment(lib, "opencv_core247.lib")     
//#pragma comment(lib, "opencv_imgproc247.lib")     
//#pragma comment(lib, "opencv_objdetect247.lib")     
#pragma comment(lib, "opencv_gpu247.lib")     
#pragma comment(lib, "opencv_features2d247.lib")     
#pragma comment(lib, "opencv_highgui247.lib")     
//#pragma comment(lib, "opencv_ml247.lib")     
#pragma comment(lib, "opencv_stitching247.lib");   
#pragma comment(lib, "opencv_nonfree247.lib");   
#endif     

using namespace cv;     
using namespace std;   


void main()     
{   

 //processign tiem measurement   
 unsigned long AAtime=0, BBtime=0;   
 //processing time measure   
 AAtime = getTickCount();

 vector< Mat > vImg;   
 Mat rImg;

 vImg.push_back( imread("./stitching_img/m7.jpg",0) );   
 vImg.push_back( imread("./stitching_img/S1.jpg",0) );   
 vImg.push_back( imread("./stitching_img/m9.jpg",0) );   
 vImg.push_back( imread("./stitching_img/m6.jpg",0) );   
 vImg.push_back( imread("./stitching_img/S6.jpg",0) );   
 vImg.push_back( imread("./stitching_img/m8.jpg",0) );   


 //feature extract   
 gpu::SURF_GPU FeatureFinder_gpu(400);
 gpu::GpuMat inImg_g;   
 gpu::GpuMat src_keypoints_gpu, src_descriptors_gpu;

 vector< cv::KeyPoint> src_keypoints;   
 vector< float> src_descriptors;

 vector< detail::ImageFeatures> features;   

 for(int i=0; i< vImg.size(); ++i)   
 {     
  detail::ImageFeatures F;
  inImg_g.upload(vImg[i]);
  FeatureFinder_gpu(inImg_g, gpu::GpuMat(), src_keypoints_gpu, src_descriptors_gpu, false);
  
  //descriptor down   
  FeatureFinder_gpu.downloadKeypoints(src_keypoints_gpu, src_keypoints);
  FeatureFinder_gpu.downloadDescriptors(src_descriptors_gpu, src_descriptors);  

  //make ImageFeatures
  F.img_idx=i;
  F.img_size = Size(vImg[i].cols, vImg[i].rows);
  F.keypoints = src_keypoints;
  Mat M = Mat(src_descriptors.size()/64.0, 64, CV_32FC1);
  F.descriptors = M;
  memcpy(M.data, src_descriptors.data(), src_descriptors.size()*sizeof(float));  

  //Add vector
  features.push_back(F);

  //data confirm
  printf("%d - key:%d \n", features[i].img_idx, features[i].keypoints.size() );
  printf("    des:cols:%d, rows:%d \n", features[i].descriptors.cols, features[i].descriptors.rows);
  
 }

 

 
 //match
 vector< int> indices_;   
 double conf_thresh_ = 1.0;   
 Mat matching_mask;   
 vector< detail::MatchesInfo> pairwise_matches;   
 detail::BestOf2NearestMatcher Matcher(true);
 Matcher(features, pairwise_matches, matching_mask);   
 Matcher.collectGarbage();


 //grouping
 indices_ = detail::leaveBiggestComponent(features, pairwise_matches, (float)conf_thresh_);   
 Matcher.collectGarbage();   

 for (size_t i = 0; i < indices_.size(); ++i)   
 {   
  printf("%d \n", indices_[i] );   
 }   

 //Processing time measurement   
 BBtime = getTickCount();
 printf("Processing time = %.2lf(sec) \n",  (BBtime - AAtime)/getTickFrequency() );   

 
}  

(Arduino Study) temperature sensing

Temperature sensing  using thermister
Thermister gives resistance value depend on temperature changing.

...

#include < math.h>

void setup(void)
{
  Serial.begin(9600);
}

double Thermister(int RawADC){
  double Temp;
  Temp = log(((10240000/RawADC) - 10000));
  Temp = 1 / (0.001129148 + (0.000234125 * Temp) + (0.0000000876741 * Temp * Temp * Temp));
  Temp = Temp - 273.15;  
  
  return Temp;
}

void printTemp(void){
  double fTemp;
  double temp = Thermister( analogRead(0) );
  
  //read sensor value
  Serial.println("Temperature is:");
  Serial.println(temp);
}

void loop(void)
{
  printTemp();
  delay(1000);
}

---

(OpenCV, data type change, copy) vector to Mat, Mat to vector

This post is about how to copy Mat data to vector and copy vector data to Mat.
Reference this example source code.

printf("/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////\n");
 printf("//vector to Mat\n");
 int r=3;
 int c=4;

 vector< float> Vf;

 //insert value
 int cnt=0;
 for(int i=0; i< c; ++i) 
  for(int j=0; j< r; ++j)  
   Vf.push_back(cnt++);
  
 //create Mat
 Mat M=Mat(r,c,CV_32FC1);
 //copy vector to mat
 memcpy(M.data,Vf.data(),Vf.size()*sizeof(float));

 //print Mat
 cout < <  M < <  endl;


 printf("/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////\n");
 printf("//Mat to vector\n");
 vector< float> Vf2;
 //copy mat to vector
 Vf2.assign((float*)M.datastart, (float*)M.dataend);
 
 //confirm
 cnt=0;
 for(int i=0; i< c; ++i)
 {
  for(int j=0; j< r; ++j)  
   printf("%lf ", Vf2[cnt++]);
  printf("\n");
}

--

You want to copy image buffer to Mat example source code.
Reference on this page -> http://feelmare.blogspot.kr/2014/01/opencv-mat-class-image-bufferpoint-copy.html